The barrier to developing a MenB vaccine thus has two facets: the difficulty in developing vaccines in general, and the specific challenge of creating a vaccine against a pathogen that mimics host molecules. It is therefore not a suitable immune target due to the risk of autoimmune damage through molecular mimicry. The capsular polysaccharide of MenB however, is structurally similar to certain abundant human glycoproteins like NCAM. Vaccines for meningococcus groups A, C, W, and Y induce an immune response against the polysaccharide capsule around the bacterium. Why has no MenB vaccine been developed? The simple reason is that the strategy used for the other meningococci doesn’t work for MenB. 1, 2 Vaccines for serogroups A, C, and Y have been in use since the 1970s, but there is still no universal vaccine on the market for meningococcus group B (MenB). meningitidis serogroups B, C, and Y most disease in the meningitis belt in Africa and elsewhere in the developing world is caused by serogroup A, as well as emergent serogroups X and W. Most meningococcal disease in the developed world is caused by N. Meningococcal meningitis and septicaemia are life-threatening Neisseria meningitidis infections. ![]() Thanks to a fusion of a rational reverse genetics approach and a membrane vesicle approach, a MenB vaccine, 4CMenB (Bexsero ®), has finally gained regulatory approval in Europe and could be in clinical use by the end of 2013. ![]() This review discusses current meningococcal vaccine strategies and their limitations with regard to MenB, and examines a promising new strategy for the rational design of a MenB vaccine. Recent attempts to create a universal MenB vaccine have been thwarted by the variability of the surface proteins of MenB and by the similarity of the MenB capsule to human glycoproteins. In the UK, where a vaccine against MenC is widely used, MenB is now responsible for nearly 90% of cases of invasive meningococcal disease. In the United States, MenB accounts for about a quarter of cases of meningococcal meningitis, with the bulk of the rest caused by meningococcus serogroups C (MenC) and Y (MenY). Over the past 40 years, vaccines against most of the main meningococcal serogroups have offered increasingly good protection from disease, with one major exception in the developed world: serogroup B meningococcus (MenB). Keywords: Five Main Goals of BRI, PNG Reaffirmation of One-China Policy, BRI Challenges and Opportunities.Neisseria meningitidis infection can cause life-threatening meningitis and meningococcal septicaemia. To mitigate the challenges, the paper also suggested potential solutions for public policy-making, and enhancing PNG's diplomatic relation with China, thus maximizing the benefits of BRI. The paper demonstrated some challenges of the BRI for governments, including PNG to be wary of when signing Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with Chinese on the BRI oriented programs and projects. There is specific mention on potential Free Trade Agreement discussion, the trade-related infrastructure development, trade relation, investment and cultural exchanges between the two countries. The expected benefits are in terms of economy and trade, investment, production capacity, tourism, infrastructure construction, education, health, environment and cooperation among local level government. It mentions Papua New Guinea's bilateral relation and recognition of the One-china-PolicyīRI is the new wave of china money-diplomacy and power, and its influence on PNG and Pacific Islands countries under Chinese President and General Secretary of the China Communist Party (CCP), Mr. The paper provides a background of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) or One Belt, One Road (OBOR) and its subcategories, including five main goals of the BRI that could benefit BRI-host countries and Papua New Guinea.
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